Plagioscion surinamensis · Sciaenidae · predator
Croaker of rivers and estuaries in the Amazon and the Guianas, also recorded in the Magdalena. An important food fish, caught near the bottom and in mid-water, with its identity still debated against the pescada-do-piauí.
Also called: pescada-cacunda
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Reading the weather across 3 global models and 31 simulations…
Each card shows the day's index (0 to 100) and, below it, a strip with the index for each hour, from 0h to 23h. from poor to excellent.
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Line: the middle value of 31 simulations of the American GEFS model. Band: where 8 out of 10 fall. Narrow, firm trend; wide, high uncertainty.
Freshwater and estuarine croaker of the family Sciaenidae, from the Amazon, the Guianas and, according to FishBase, the Magdalena (Colombia). It lives on the bottom and in mid-water, from 1 to 30 m (range assumed by FishBase), in the lower parts of streams and in estuaries, eats fish, matures at about 27 cm and reaches 70 cm. FishBase considers it an important food fish, of commercial use and aquaculture. Taxonomy is debated: Casatti's (2005) review recognizes five valid Plagioscion and P. surinamensis is not among them; in Colombia the pácora of the Magdalena appears as P. magdalenae, which AUNAP treats as a synonym of P. surinamensis, and FishBase includes the Magdalena in the species' distribution. IUCN uses P. surinamensis and rates it Data Deficient (DD, 2019). For the angler, the rule for Amazonian croakers applies, since they are hard to tell apart in the field.
Slender, silvery body with a grayish back, two dorsal fins (the first spiny, the second longer), a large oblique mouth and a pointed tail, like the other freshwater croakers of the genus Plagioscion. No field feature reliably separates the pescada-cacunda from the pescada-do-piauí (P. squamosissimus) and other Amazonian croakers: separation depends on counts and proportions that only a specialist checks. In practice, treat them all as pescada and check the scientific name the local rule cites.
Amazon basin and Amazon estuary, in Brazil; outside Brazil, the Magdalena River (Colombia) and coastal rivers of Suriname and Guyana. FishBase gives 11°N to 17°S for the species, but in Brazil it is regional: Amazonia and the north coast.
Habitat: Bottom and mid-water of rivers, estuaries and lower stretches of streams; the 1 to 30 m depth is assumed by FishBase, not measured.
native to the basins
coast
states
Amazonas, Pará, Amapá
Estimate: falling water and dry season concentrate fish in channels and estuaries. Check your state's closed seasons in the general rules section.
Night and twilight. No timing studies for the species. Freshwater croakers fish best from late afternoon into the night (estimate by analogy with the pescada-do-piauí).
Little effect in a tropical river; friagem (cold spells) reduce activity.
Stable pressure favors it (estimate).
Dark nights tend to produce more croakers (estimate).
Little effect.
Falling water concentrates fish in channels and estuaries.
Moderate sensitivity.
Strong wind makes it harder to control the lure on the bottom.
In estuary stretches, the moving tide tends to activate the fish; in the river, no effect (estimate).
Bottom and mid-water, 2 to 15 m.
lures
natural baits
accessories
There is no sport-fishing literature for the species; the gear is that of the pescada-do-piauí. Work the jig vertically near the bottom, or use live shrimp and lambari.
Summary of the regulations we found, with the source for each. Rules change; before keeping or transporting fish, check with the state environmental agency.
Conservation: Not on the Brazilian national list (Ministerial Ordinance GM/MMA No. 1.667/2026).
In the Magdalena, Cauca and San Jorge basins, the pácora (Plagioscion magdalenae, treated as P. surinamensis) has a minimum catch size of 30 cm standard length (LE, from the tip of the snout to the base of the tail). The rule is old and should be checked with AUNAP before fishing.
The portaria bans fishing for pescada-branca (Plagioscion squamosissimus) in AP and, in the Madeira basin in RO, catching pescada, from Nov 15 to Mar 15. It does not cite P. surinamensis; since Amazonian croakers are confused in the field, enforcement may treat them as the same species. Under art. 2º, II, the recreational angler using handline or rod is exempt from the ban, unless a stricter state rule applies.
Allowed: All fishing modalities are prohibited in rivers, including catch and release (Law 9.096/2009, art. 19-A). Exceptions: subsistence fishing from shore (3 kg or 1 fish, no transport or sale) and scientific fishing. Law 13.159/2025 now allows licensed sport fishing in UHE/PCH hydropower reservoirs, natural lakes and border rivers, subject to a scientific study and a license from the environmental agency. We have not confirmed whether these licenses are already being issued.
Allowed: The same recreational-angler exceptions as in Portaria 48/2007 apply (handline or rod, 5 kg + 1 fish), unless a stricter state rule applies.
Source: Portaria IBAMA nº 48/2007
Allowed: Recreational anglers with handline or rod, line and hook are outside the Annex II prohibitions, with a bag limit of 5 kg + 1 fish, unless a stricter state rule applies.
Source: Portaria IBAMA nº 48/2007
Allowed: Subsistence fishing only.
Source: Portaria IBAMA nº 48/2007
Allowed: See the exceptions in Portaria 48/2007 and the state rules for each bank.
Source: Portaria IBAMA nº 48/2007
A fish pulled up from depth can suffer decompression: release it quickly, with the fish in or near the water. Hold it behind the gill covers, away from the dorsal spines.
FishBase calls it an important food fish. White pescada meat, good as fried fillet, grilled or in moqueca.
Length-weight relationship W = a·Lb (a = 0.01047, b = 3.06; FishBase (relação peso-comprimento bayesiana, estimativa da própria espécie)). It's an average: a fat or lean fish can vary by 10% to 20%.
estimated weight
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The season weights (months), the time of day and the sensitivities (cold, pressure, moon, wind, rain, tide, strong light, murky water and noise) are the app's editorial estimates, based on the literature below and on the field experience of anglers and guides. They are not official data nor a measurement made for this species, and they may vary by region and year. Closed seasons and legal rules appear in the rules section, with the norm and a link.
The weather comes from three independent global models, cross-checked hour by hour: when they agree, confidence goes up; when they diverge, the band between them shows on the chart. Beyond 16 days, we use the GEFS ensemble of 31 simulations: if 20 of the 31 predict rain, the chance of rain is 65%. Sun and moon are calculated astronomically, with no uncertainty.
The index adds up, weighted for each species: time of day (species curve anchored to real sunrise and sunset), moon (transits, rise and set, phase), pressure (3 h trend and 24 h swing), water temperature (in rivers, estimated from air temperature; at sea, estimated by an ocean model), wind, rain, clouds, tide and the month in the species' cycle.
Accuracy measured in the reference project (4 regions, 93 days, forecast vs. observed): maximum temperature is off by 0.6 °C on average the next day and 1.7 °C at 7 days; rain of 5 mm or more is detected 76% of the time the next day and 57% at 7 days. Detection isn't everything: the false alarm rate isn't published here yet, and 93 days in 4 regions is still a small sample. We now also measure every day, at the app's destinations:
Your location is saved only on this device and feeds the forecast, the map and the "today" on the home page.
